Towards Constructing an Integrated Model for the Cognitive System: Revisiting Semantic Networks
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11649/cs.2910Keywords:
semantic network, structural equation model, cognitive systemAbstract
This is the corrected version of the retracted article under the same title, which was published with the following DOI: https://doi.org/10.11649/cs.2445
Integrative approaches try to relate different constructs in different theories and reinterpret them within a common conceptual framework. In this paper, an integrative framework for cognitive constructs is modelled, proposed and evaluated, using the concept of processing levels. Cognitive processing is divided into feature-based, semantic, and conceptual levels, based on the volume of information used to represent a stimulus. To quantitatively evaluate the structure of this model, 47 participants with impaired valance systems were selected from psychological clinics in Mashhad according to the convenience sampling method. The functioning of the participants’ cognitive networks was assessed by the Beck Depression Inventory II, the Semantic Distance Task, the Verbal Fluency Test, the Computerized Dot Probe, the Stroop Test, the Implicit Association Test, and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. The proposed structural model was formed by using tests scores as predictor variables and levels of processing as mediating variables. The research data were analysed through the PLS Structural Equation Model and the exploratory approach. The best fitted model with a normative fit index of 0.92 confirmed the three-level data clustering hypothesis. Path coefficients between feature-oriented and semantic levels and for semantic and conceptual levels obtained Φ = 0.38 and Φ = 0.46 respectively. In previous studies, interpretations of both the Implicit Association Test and the Verbal Fluency Test were controversial. Using the notion of processing levels, these variations have been reinterpreted.
References
American Psychological Association. (2010). 2010 amendments to the 2002 Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. The American Psychologist, 65(5), 493. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020168 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020168
Bartczak, M., & Bokus, B. (2017). Semantic distances in depression: Relations between me and past, future, joy, sadness, happiness. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 46, 345–366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-016-9442-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-016-9442-2
Bisley, J. W., & Goldberg, M. E. (2010). Attention, intention, and priority in the parietal lobe. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 33, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-060909-152823 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-060909-152823
Bradley, M. M., Greenwald, M. K., Petry, M. C., & Lang, P. J. (1992). Remembering pictures: Pleasure and arousal in memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 18(2), 379–390. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.18.2.379 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.18.2.379
Carey, B. (2011, November, 1). Telling the story of the brain’s cacophony of competing voices. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/01/science/telling-the-story-of-the-brains-cacophony-of-competing-voices.html?ref=general&src=me&pagewanted=prin
Eliasmith, C. (2013). How to build a brain. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794546.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794546.001.0001
Gazzaniga, M. S. (2008). Human: The science behind what makes us unique. Ecco Books.
Ghisvandi, E., Hamidi, R., Fekrizadeh, Z., Azadbakht, M., Garmaroudi, G., Taheri Tanjani, P., & Fathizadeh, S. (2015). Validity and reliability Beck Depression Inventory-II among the Iranian elderly population. Sabzevar Science and Research Medical Journal, 22(1), 189–197.
Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2003). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 197–216. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.197 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.197
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). SAGE. https://doi.org/10.15358/9783800653614 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15358/9783800653614
Hakim Shooshtari, M., Malakouti, S. K., Panaghi, L., Mohseni, S., Mansouri, N., & Rahimi Movaghar, A. (2016). Factors associated with suicidal attempts in Iran: A systematic review. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 10(1), Article e948. https://doi.org/10.17795/ijpbs-948 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17795/ijpbs-948
Hosseini, S. G., Akbarfahimi, M., & Mehraban, A. H. (2016). The relationship between continuous implementation of the occupations of sport and reading with the executive functions. Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 5(4), 10–22.
Ilonen, T., Leinonen, K., Wallenius, E., Karlsson, H., Taiminen, T., Salokangas, R., Lauerma, H., & Tuimala, P. (2000). Impaired Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in first-episode sever depression. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 54(4), 275–280. https://doi.org/10.1080/080394800448156 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/080394800448156
Maleki, G., Mazaheri, M. A., & Dehghani, M. (2013). Construction and validation of dot-probe test for measurement of selective attention towards attachment related pictures. Journal of Psychology, 67(17), 275–293. https://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/articlepage/1002980
Marr, D. (2010). Vision: A computational investigation into the human representation and processing of visual information. MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262514620.001.0001. (Original work published 1982). DOI: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262514620.001.0001
Meissner, F., Grigutsch, L. A., Koranyi, N., Müller, F., & Rothermund, K. (2019). Predicting behavior with implicit measures: Disillusioning findings, reasonable explanations, and sophisticated solutions. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02483 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02483
Nateghian, S., Sepehri Shamloo, Z., Salehi Fadardi, J., & Mashhadi, A. (2018). Clinical trial of frontal alpha asymmetry neurofeedback for the improvement executive functions and the reduction of rumination in reactive depression result of love trauma. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 6(2), 33–45.
Panahandeh, S., Salehi Fadardi, J., & Mashhadi, A. (2014). A comparison of implicit self-esteem in depressed and non-depressed individuals. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 2(1), 22–32.
Petersen, S. E., & Posner, M. I. (2012). The attention system of the human brain: 20 years after. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 35(1), 73–89. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-062111-150525 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-062111-150525
Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (1998). Attention, self-regulation and consciousness. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 353(1377), 1915–1927. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1998.0344 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1998.0344
Repovš, G., & Baddeley, A. (2006). The multi-component model of working memory: Explorations in experimental cognitive psychology. Neuroscience, 139(1), 5–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.12.061 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.12.061
Soltani, E., Shareh, H., Bahrainian, S., & Farmani, A. (2013). The mediating role of cognitive flexibility in correlation of coping styles and resilience with depression. Pajouhandeh, 18(2), 88–96.
Strauss, E., Spreen, O., & Sherman, E. M. S. (2006). A compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms, and commentary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
Treisman, A., & Gelade, G. (1980). A feature integration theory of attention. Cognitive Psychology, 12(1), 97–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(80)90005-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(80)90005-5
World Health Organization. (2017). Depression and other common mental disorders. World Health Organization.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Armin Ehsani, Hossein Kareshki, Imanollah Bigdeli
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.
