History as a Weapon: Second World War Imagery in the Ongoing Russian–Ukrainian Cyberwar
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11649/cs.2479Keywords:
poster, propaganda, “friend/foe” opposition, WWII images, historical past, hate speechAbstract
The article focuses on the characteristics of military posters employed as an element of the ongoing Russia–Ukrainian hybrid war in the Donbas region. The paper also examines the functions which posters fulfil in times of military conflict and analyses the role which posters play in persuading and mobilizing society, recruiting soldiers, and maintaining high morale among troops.
The research material includes posters that were exhibited in 2014–2017, when the most significant battles took place. The article focuses on the verbal aspects of the posters as well as on the visual constructions of “friends” and “foes”. Furthermore, this investigation analyses the Second World War (WWII) images and symbols that have been used in both pro-Ukrainian and pro-Russian posters.
References
Ademilokun, M., & Olateju, M. (2016). A multimodal discourse analysis of some visual images in the political rally discourse of 2011 electioneering campaign in south western Nigeria. International Journal of Society, Culture and Language, 4(1), 1–19. http://www.ijscl.net/article_14710_3010c06540ab7d35070352e76dd1248a.pdf
Anderson, D. (2008). When war becomes personal. War, Literature & the Arts: An International Journal of the Humanities, 20(1–2), 31–34. https://www.wlajournal.com/wlaarchive/20_1-2/Anderson.pdf
Avramenko, A. (2010). Radiansʹkyĭ plakat 1920–1930-kh rr. iak zasib propahandy. Naukovi zapysky NaUKMA: Teoriia ta istoriia kulʹtury, 101, 66–72.
Baker, S. (1990). Describing images of the national self: Popular accounts of the construction of pictorial identity in the First World War poster. Oxford Art Journal, 13(2), 24–30. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxartj/13.2.24 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxartj/13.2.24
Berdy, M. A. (2014, July 24). Talking smack about Ukrainians and Russians. The Moscow Times. https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2014/07/24/talking-smack-about-ukrainians-and-russians-a37647
Bredhoff, S. (1994). Powers of persuasion: Poster art from World War II. Published for the National Archives and Records Administration by the National Archives Trust Fund Board.
Çakı, C., & Gazi, M. A. (2018). The use of nationalism discourses in the Soviet propaganda in the Second World War. International Journal of Social Science Research, 7(2), 291–306.
Cheng, Y., & Liu, W. (2014). A multimodal discourse analysis of the relationship between Pi and Richard the Tiger in the movie Life of Pi. International Journal of Language and Literature, 2(4), 191–219. https://doi.org/10.15640/ijll.v2n4a11 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15640/ijll.v2n4a11
Chorna, M. (2007). Kozak Mamaĭ iak ukraïnsʹkyĭ kulʹturnyĭ heroĭ ta pershopredok mifichnoho chasu. Visnyk Kyïvsʹkoho natsionalʹnoho universytetu imeni Tarasa Shevchenka: Literaturoznavstvo, movoznavstvo, folʹklorystyka, 18, 56–59.
Fairclough, N. (2002). Language and power (2nd ed.). Macmillan.
Fedor, J., Kangaspuro, M., Lassila, J., & Zhurzhenko, T. (Eds.). (2017). War and memory in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66523-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66523-8
Gavrilenko, A., Platonov, O., & Dubrovin, A. (2017, May 9). Vladimir Putin: “My chuvstvuem krovnoe, pronzitelʹnoe rodstvo s pokoleniem geroev”. BIZNES Online. https://www.business-gazeta.ru/article/345340
Gee, K. (2018). Russia’s Victory Day as vehicle for disinformation. CPD Blog. https://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/russia%E2%80%99s-victory-day-vehicle-disinformation
Hridina, I. (2010). Zobrazhalʹni dzherela v doslidzhenni dukhovnoho zhyttia naselennia Ukraïny v roky Druhoï svitovoï viĭny. Hileia: Naukovyĭ visnyk, 34, 135–144.
Judd, D. (1973). Posters of World War Two. St. Martin’s Press.
Khrustalëv, D. (2011). Proiskhozhdenie “russkogo medvedia”. Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2011(1), 137–152.
Kılıçkaya Boğ, E. (2018). Women as an image in war propaganda posters. Proceedings of the 4th World Conference on Women’s Studies, 3(2), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.17501/wcws.2018.3201 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17501/wcws.2018.3201
Kolesnikov, A. (2019, May 8). Victory Day: Remembering the fallen or propaganda for Putin? The Moscow Times. https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/05/08/victory-day-remembering-the-fallen-or-propaganda-for-putin-a65510
Koliada, I., & Maievsʹkyĭ, O. (2012). Natsionalʹni obrazy v ukraïnsʹkomu plakati svitovoï viĭny. Ukraïna v etnokulʹturnomu vymiri stolitʹ: Zbirnyk naukovykh pratsʹ: Natsionalʹnyĭ pedahohichnyĭ universytet im. M. P. Drahomanova, 2, 357–367.
Kress, G., & van Leeuwen, T. (1996). Reading images: The grammar of visual design. Routledge.
Kuzʹo, T. (2018). Viĭna Putina proty Ukraïny: Revoliutsiia, natsionalizm i kryminalitet. Dukh i Litera.
National Archives. (n.d.). Powers of persuasion: Poster art from World War II. The U.S. National Archives and Record Administration. http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/powers_of_persuasion/man_the_guns/man_the_guns.html
O’Halloran, K., & Smith, B. (Eds.). (2011). Multimodal studies: Exploring issues and domains. Routledge.
Ostanina-Olszewska, J., & Majdzińska-Koczorowicz, A. (2019). A Cognitive Linguistics approach to internet memes on selected Polish internet sites. Cognitive Studies | Études cognitives, 2019(19), Article 1939. https://doi.org/10.11649/cs.1939 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11649/cs.1939
Pidkuĭmukha, L., & Kiss, N. (2020). Battle of narratives: Political memes during the 2019 Ukrainian presidential election. Cognitive Studies | Études cognitives, 2020(20), Article 2246. https://doi.org/10.11649/cs.2246 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11649/cs.2246
Poster: Art and advertisement. (n.d.). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved April 20, 2021, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/poster
Rahimi, F., & Riasati, M. J. (2011). Critical discourse analysis: Scrutinizing ideologically-driven discourses. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 1(16), 107–112.
Rigby, I. K. (1984). German expressionist political posters 1918--1919: Art and politics, a failed alliance. Art Journal, 44(1), 33–39. https://doi.org/10.2307/776671 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00043249.1984.10792517
Rods, Ė. (2008). Propaganda: Plakaty, karikatury i kinofilʹmy Vtoroĭ mirovoĭ voĭny 1939–1945 (IU. Bardin, Trans.). Ėksmo.
Shalyhina, D. (2009). ZHinochi obrazy v radiansʹkiĭ ta nimetsʹkiĭ plakatniĭ propahandi. Aktualʹni problemy vitchyznianoï ta vsesvitnʹoï istoriï, 12, 132–140.
Sherwin, S. (2017, December 8). Nina Vatolina’s fascism, the most evil enemy of women: stirring propaganda. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2017/dec/08/nina-vatolina-fascism-most-evil-enemy-women-stirring-propaganda
Sokol, S. (2019, August 2). Russian disinformation distorted reality in Ukraine: Americans should take note. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/08/02/russian-disinformation-distorted-reality-in-ukraine-americans-should-take-note-putin-mueller-elections-antisemitism/
Tumanova, T. (2015, March 2). T. Shevchenka zobrazyly u suchasnomu viĭsʹkovomu ekipiruvanni uchasnyka ATO. UNN. http://www.unn.com.ua/uk/news/1444115-t-shevchenka-zobrazili-u-suchasnomu-viyskovomu-ekipiruvanni-uchasnika-ato
V Donetske (2017). V Donetske pokazyvaiut ahitatsyonnie plakaty o voĭne. (2017). Novosti Donbassa. https://novosti.dn.ua/news/273934-v-donecke-pokazyvayut-agytacyonnye-plakaty-o-voyne#
Vogt, G. L. (2001). When posters went to war: How America’s best commercial artists helped win World War I. The Wisconsin Magazine of History, 84(2), 38–47.
Wilcott, J. M. (2013). Wartime art: A study of political propaganda and individual expression in American commercial and combat art during World War II. History Theses, 2013(17). https://digitalcommons.buffalostate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1017&context=history_theses
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Liudmyla Pidkuĭmukha
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.
